James Madison's address to Congress, by Ari Sclar

We behold our sea-faring citizens still the daily victims of lawless violence, committed on the great common and highway of nations, even within sight of the country which owes them protection. We behold our vessels, freighted with the products of our soil and industry, or returning with the honest proceeds of them, wrested from their lawful destinations, confiscated by prize courts, no longer the organs of public law…

Whether the United States shall continue passive under these…accumulating wrongs, or, opposing force to force in defense of their national rights…is a solemn question which the Constitution wisely confides to the legislative department of the Government…

—President James Madison, letter to Congress

1. What is Madison asking Congress to do? Why is he asking Congress and not taking action himself? Does he give any indication in the above passage why he is asking Congress for this? Explain.

2. Provide two events between 1800-1812 that may have led to Madison’s decision to send this letter. Be specific and connect these events to the phrasing of the letter.

3.

How does Madison’s letter reflect a difference between him and previous presidents’ foreign policy? Please explain in relation to two of the following: Washington, Adams, or Jefferson.